Granite headstone inogadzirwa sei

Headstone

Background

Matombo emisoro anozivikanwa nemazita mazhinji akasiyana, sematombo echirangaridzo, zvicherechedzo zveguva, matombo emakuva, nemakuva.Zvose zvinoshanda kune basa rematombo emusoro;chirangaridzo uye ndangariro yomushakabvu.Matombo emusoro aigadzirwa kubva kumatombo emumunda kana zvidimbu zvematanda.Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, matombo (anonzi "matombo emhumhi") akaiswa pamusoro pemuviri kudzivirira mhuka dzinoparadza kubva pakufukunura guva risina kudzika.

Nhoroondo

Vanochera matongo vakawana makuva eNeanderthal anodzokera kumashure makore 20,000-75,000.Mitumbi yakawanikwa mumapako ane mirwi mikuru yematombo kana matombo akavhara maburi.Zvinofungidzirwa kuti nzvimbo dzemakuva idzi dzakangoerekana dzaitika.Vakuvadzwa kana kuti vaifa zvimwe vakanga vasiiwa shure kuti vapone, uye matombo kana kuti matombo aisundirwa pamberi pebako nokuda kwedziviriro pamhuka dzomusango.Bako reSharindar muIraq raiva musha wezvisaririra zvemunhu (c. 50,000 BC) nemaruva akazarirwa pamuviri.

Dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana dzekuviga dzavepo nekufamba kwenguva.MaChina ndivo vakatanga kushandisa mabhokisi kutakura vakafa vavo imwe nguva makore akapoteredza 30,000 BC Kuomeswa kwezvitunha uye kuomesa zvitunha zvakashandiswa munenge muna 3200 BC kuchengetedza mitumbi yevanafarao vekuIjipita kuitira hupenyu hwepashure perufu.Mafarao aizoiswa musarcophagus uye akavigwa nemifananidzo inomiririra varanda vavo uye vapi vemazano vanovimbwa, pamwe negoridhe neumbozha kuti vave nechokwadi chekugamuchirwa kwavo munyika iri mhiri.Mamwe madzimambo aida kuti varanda vavo chaivo namakurukota vaende navo murufu, uye varanda namakurukota vakaurayiwa uye vakaiswa muguva.Kupisa chitunha, kwakatanga panguva imwe cheteyo nokuomesa zvitunha, kwaivawo nzira yakakurumbira yokurasa vakafa.Nhasi inomiririra 26% yenzira dzekurasa muUnited States uye 45% muCanada.

Sezvo zvitendero zvakatanga, kupisa zvitunha kwakasvika pakutarisirwa pasi.Zvitendero zvakawanda zvakatorambidza kupisa zvitunha, zvichitaura kuti kwaiyeuchidza tsika dzechihedheni.Kuviga ndiyo nzira yaidiwa, uye dzimwe nguva vafi vairadzikwa kwemazuva mumusha kuti vanhu vagovaremekedza.Muna 1348, Denda rakarova Europe rikamanikidza vanhu kuviga vakafa nekukurumidza uye kure nemaguta.Iyi miitiro yerufu nokuviga yakapfuurira kusvikira makuva afashukira uye, nokuda kwamakuva mazhinji asina kudzika, achipfuurira kuparadzira hosha.Muna 1665, Paramende yeChirungu yakatonga ichitsigira kuti pave nemariro madiki chete uye hudzamu hwepamutemo hwemakuva hwakaitwa kuti humire pa 6 ft (1.8 m).Izvi zvakaderedza kupararira kwezvirwere, asi makuva akawanda akaramba akazara nevanhu.

Makuva ekutanga akafanana neanoonekwa nhasi, akagadzwa muParis muna 1804 uye akanzi "bindu" makuva.Pèere-Lachaise imusha kune mazita akawanda ane mukurumbira akadai saOscar Wilde, Frederick Chopin, naJim Morrison.Mumakuva aya emubindu ndimo maive nematombo emusoro nezvirangaridzo zvakava mabasa akadzama.Mamiriro emunhu munzanga airatidza ukuru uye unyanzvi hwechirangaridzo.Zvirangaridzo zvepakutanga zvairatidza zviitiko zvinotyisa zvine marangwanda nemadhimoni kuti varove kutya kwehupenyu hwapashure porufu muvapenyu.Gare gare muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, matombo emusoro akashanduka achifarira zviono zvine runyararo, zvakaita semakerubhi nengirozi vachitungamira mufi kumusoro.United States yakamisa makuva ayo ekumaruwa, The Mount Auburn Cemetery muCambridge, Massachusetts, muna 1831.

Raw Materials

Matombo ekutanga akagadzirwa neslate, yaiwanikwa munharaunda mukutanga kweNew England.Chinhu chaitevera chaizove chakakurumbira chaive chemarble, asi nekufamba kwenguva marble aikoromoka uye mazita nezvimwe zvemufi zvaisatsanangurika.Pakazosvika 1850, granite yakave iyo yakasarudzika matombo emusoro nekuda kwekusimba kwayo uye kuwanikwa.Muzviyeuchidzo zvemazuva ano granite ndiyo huru inoshandiswa inoshandiswa.

Granite idombo rinopisa rinoumbwa zvakanyanya nequartz, feldspar, uye plagioclase feldspar nemamwe maminerari madiki akasanganiswa. Granite inogona kuve chena, pink, grey, kana rima grey.Dombo iri rinogadzirwa kubva kumagma (molt material) inotonhodzwa zvishoma nezvishoma.Magma akatonhodzwa anofukunurwa kuburikidza nekuchinja-chinja kwevhu uye nekukukurwa kwevhu.

Design

Pane nzira dzisingaverengeki dzekugadzirisa dombo remusoro.Epitaphs anotangira pamashoko akatorwa mumagwaro kusvika kuzvirevo zvisina kujeka uye zvinosetsa.Anoperekedza statuettes anogona kuvezwa mukati, kuiswa pamusoro, kana padivi pedombo.Saizi uye chimiro chematombo emusoro zvakare anosiyana.Kazhinji, matombo ese anokwenenzverwa nemuchina uye akavezwa, obva anyatsotsanangurwa nemaoko.

The Manufacturing
Process

1. Nhanho yekutanga ndeyekusarudza rudzi (kazhinji marble kana granite) uye ruvara rwedombo.Iyo granite block inozochekwa kubva padombo.Pane nzira nhatu dzekuita izvi.Nzira yekutanga ndeyekuchera.Iyi nzira inoshandisa chibooreso chemweya chinoboora maburi akasimukira 1 mukati (2.54 cm) akaparadzana uye 20 ft (6.1 m) yakadzika mukati megraniti.Vacheri vanobva vashandisa simbi ina mu (10.1 cm) yakareba ine mazino esimbi kuti icheke pakati pedombo.

Kuboora jeti kunokurumidza kupfuura kuchera, kanenge kanomwe.Nenzira iyi, 16 ft (4.9 m) inogona kucherwa muawa imwe chete.Maitiro acho anoshandisa roketi mota ine buri simbi shaft kudzinga musanganiswa weyakatsikirirwa mafuta ehydrocarbon nemhepo muchimiro chemurazvo we2,800°F (1,537.8°C).Murazvo uyu wakapetwa kashanu kumhanya kwekurira uye unocheka 4 mukati (10.2 cm) mugraniti.

Nzira yechitatu ndiyo nzira inoshanda, yakanyarara, uye inoburitsa inenge isina tsvina.Kuboorwa kwejeti remvura kunoshandisa dzvinyiriro yemvura kucheka giraniti.Kune masisitimu maviri ekuboorwa kwejeti yemvura, low pressure uye high pressure.Ose ari maviri anoburitsa hova mbiri dzemvura, asi yakaderera dhizaini system nzizi dziri pasi pe1,400-1,800 psi, uye hova dzepamusoro dziri pasi pe40,000 psi.Mvura inobva kumajeti inoshandiswa zvakare, uye nzira yacho inoderedza zvikanganiso uye zvinhu zvakaraswa.

1. Nhanho inotevera ndeyekubvisa block kubva pamubhedha wekwari.Vashandi vanotora zvibooreso zvakakura zvepneumatic zvine 1.5-1.88 mu (3.81-4.78 cm) simbi dzesimbi dzakaiswa carbide uye dzinoboora dzakachinjika mubhuroko regiraniti.Vanobva vaisa macharges akaputirwa nebepa mumakomba.Kana mhosva dzaiswa, bhuroka rinoita kuzorora kwakachena kubva kune imwe dombo.
2. Mabhuroko eGranite anowanzoita anenge 3 ft (0.9 m) yakafara, 3 ft (0.9 m) kureba, uye 10 ft (3 m) kureba, anorema 20,250 lb (9,185 kg).Vashandi vanosunga tambo yakatenderedza bhuroko kana kudhirowa hoko kune chero kumagumo uye vanoisa tambo kune zvikorekedzo.Munzira mbiri tambo inonamirwa kune derrick hombe inosimudza chivharo chegranite kumusoro uye parori yeflatbed inoiendesa kumugadziri wematombo emusoro.Iwo maquarries anowanzo kuve ega ega uye anotengesa granite kune vanogadzira, asi kune mamwe makambani makuru ane maquarries.
3. Mushure mokunge vasvika paimba yekugadzira, magranite slabs anobudiswa pabhanhire rekutakura apo anotemwa kuita zvidimbu zviduku.Ma slabs anowanzo 6, 8, 10, kana 12 mu (15.2, 20.3, 25, uye 30.4 cm, zvichiteerana) gobvu.Danho iri rinoitwa nerotary diamond saw.Iyo saha ine 5 ft (1.5 m) kana 11.6 ft (3.54 m) yakasimba simbi yedhaimondi blade.Iyo blade inowanzova ne 140-160 maindasitiri edhaimani zvikamu uye inokwanisa kucheka avhareji ye23-25 ​​ft.²(2.1-2.3 m²) awa.
4. Ma slabs akachekwa anopfuudzwa pasi pehuwandu hwakasiyana hwemisoro inotenderera (kazhinji sere kusvika 13) ine mazinga akasiyana egrit akarongwa.

Kugadzirwa kwedombo remusoro.

kubva kune abrasive zvakanyanya kusvika kune mashoma.Misoro mishoma yekutanga ine grit yedhaimani yakaoma, misoro yepakati ndeyekukudza, uye misoro mishoma yekupedzisira yakashongedzerwa nemapedhi ekunzwa.Mapadhi aya ane mvura nealuminium kana tin oxide poda paari kukwenenzvera dombo kuti ripere, rinopenya.

1. Iyo slab yakakwenenzverwa inozofambiswa pamwe nebhandi rekutakura kune iyo hydraulic breaker.Iyo yekutyora yakashongedzerwa nemazino e carbide ayo anoshanda pedyo ne5,000 psi ye hydraulic pressure pa granite slab, ichiita kucheka kwakatwasuka nedombo.
2. Dombo rakachekwa rinobva ragadzirwa kuita chimiro chakakodzera.Izvi zvingave zvichiitwa nemaoko ane chisel nesando, kana zvakanyanya neakawanda-blade diamond saw.Muchina uyu unogona kusetwa kuti ubate anosvika makumi matatu mablades, asi kazhinji unongoiswa masere kana mapfumbamwe chete.Yakashongedzerwa nema blades mapfumbamwe, iyi yakawanda-bladed diamond saw inogona kucheka 27 ft²(2.5 m²) awa.
3. Nzvimbo dzedombo dzinobva dzakwenenzverwa zvakare.Mukuita otomatiki kwakanyanya, 64 zvidimbu zvinogona kukwenenzverwa panguva.
4. Mipendero yakatwasuka inokwenenzverwa nemuchina wekuposhesa wongozviitira, wakafanana nemuporishi wepamusoro.Muchina uyu unosarudza musoro wakakasharara woushandisa kumucheto kwakatwasuka kwedombo.Muchina wacho unobva washanda nenzira yawo kuburikidza nemamwe magrits kusvikira micheto yatsetseka.
5. Mipendero yeradial inogadziriswa uye yakakwenenzverwa panguva imwe chete uchishandisa madhiramu maviri ekukuya.Imwe ine dhaimani rakaomarara, uye yechipiri ine grit yakatsetseka.Macheto edombo anozokwenenzverwa.
6. Kana maumbirwo ematombo akaoma kunzwisisa achidiwa, dombo rakakwenenzverwa rinoendeswa pasaha yewaya yedhaimani.Mushandi anogadzirisa saha uye anotanga maitiro, ayo anoshandisa komputa software kuisa maumbirwo mumusoro.Chero etching yakanaka kana dhizaini inopedzwa neruoko.
7. Ibwe remusoro rinobva ragadzirira kupera.Rock Pitching inosanganisira kuchekerera mativi ekunze edombo neruoko, zvichipa chimiro chakanyanya kutsanangurwa.
8. Zvino sezvo dombo remusoro rakakwenenzverwa O uye rakaumbwa, yave nguva yekunyora.Sandblasting inonyanya kushandiswa.A liquid glue inoshandiswa padombo remusoro.Rubber stencil inoshandiswa pamusoro peglue uye yakavharwa nekabhoni-backed marongerwo ekugadzirwa.Iyo kabhoni inotamisa dhizaini yakagadzirwa neanodhirowa, parubha stencil.Mushandi anobva acheka mabhii nemaitiro ekugadzira ari kudiwa padombo, achivaisa pachena kune jecha.Iyo sandblasting inoitwa nemaoko kana otomatiki.Nzira ipi neipi inoitwa munzvimbo yakavharwa nekuda kwengozi yemaitiro.Mushandi akavharwa zvachose kuti adzivirirwe kubva kune zviyo zvinoratidzwa kubva padombo.Kosi yekucheka abrasive inoitwa nesimba re100 psi.Vaunganidzi veguruva vanounganidza uye chengetedza guruva kuti rizoshandiswazve.
9. Dombo racho rinobva rapfapfaidzwa nemhepo yakanyanyisa kuti ibvise chero stencil yasara kana glue.Iyo zvakare yakakwenenzverwa uye kunyatsoongororwa, yobva yaiswa mu cellophane kana inorema bepa kuchengetedza kupedzisa.Iyo package inoiswa mumakrete uye inotumirwa kune mutengi kana mutungamiriri wemariro.

Quality Control

Kudzora kwehutano kunosimbiswa zvakasimba mukati mekugadzira maitiro.Imwe neimwe slab ye rough granite inotariswa kuenderana kwemavara.Mushure mekupenya kwega kwega, dombo remusoro rinoongororwa zvikanganiso.Pachiratidzo chekutanga che chip kana scratch, ibwe rinobviswa kubva pamutsara.

Byproducts/Waste

Zvichienderana nemaitiro ekucheka anoshandiswa pakari, tsvina inosiyana.Kuchera ndiyo nzira isina kunyatsojeka yekuchera, nokudaro kuburitsa tsvina yakawanda.Iyo nzira yejeti yemvura inoburitsa hushoma huwandu hwekusvibiswa kweruzha uye guruva.Iyo zvakare inochengetedza mafuta zvakanyanya kupfuura mamwe maitiro, uye inoita kuti mvura ishandiswezve.Mukuputira jecha mune tsvina shoma zvakare sezvo zvidimbu zvejecha zvinounganidzwa uye kushandiswa zvakare.Chero matombo egranite akaremara kubva mukugadzira anowanzo tengeswa kune mamwe makambani ekugadzira kana kutengeswa kunze kwenyika.Mamwe matombo akaderera anoraswa.

Ramangwana

Kune akawanda matekiniki matsva anoshandisa hunyanzvi software yekuisa dhizaini pamatombo emusoro.Laser etching chiitiko chiri kuuya chinobvumira mapikicha uye mamwe madhizaini akaomarara kuti aiswe padombo remusoro uchishandisa laser beam.Kupisa kunobva kune laser kunoburitsa makristasi pamusoro pegranite, zvichikonzera kukwidziridzwa, kwakajeka-kwemavara etching.

Kupera kwegranite hakuoneki munguva pfupi iri kutevera.Sezvo zvicherwa zvinocherwa, zviwanikwa zvitsva zvinokura.Kune mitemo yakawanda inodzikamisa huwandu hwegranite inogona kutengeswa kunze panguva.Dzimwe nzira dzekurasa vakafa zvimwewo zvinhu zvinogona kuderedza kugadzirwa kwematombo emusoro.